Writing composition, Year 9: argument and persuasion：全部卡片

A is the reason; B is the evidence

提示One says why in general; the other points to something that happened.

为什么A reason answers 'why do you think so?'; evidence answers 'how do you know?'. An argument needs both, in that order: each reason in turn, with a fact or example attached. The school in sentence B is an invented example.

The essay has abandoned its own position

提示Ask which side the writer is on by the final full stop.

为什么Raising the other side is a strength only if you answer it. Left unanswered at the end, it cancels the four paragraphs before it and leaves the reader unsure what the writer thinks.

A

提示Pick the one a doubter could go and check.

为什么Sentence B is a general opinion that would fit any place. Sentence A is a specific, checkable detail about this estate, which is what the national curriculum means by supporting arguments with 'factual detail'.

An anecdote

提示'When my grandmother first came to this town...' is how one might begin.

为什么It gives a general claim a human face, so it is good at making readers care. On its own it proves little, because one case may not be typical; the strongest arguments pair it with a fact or figure.

A straw man

提示Picture a scarecrow put up in place of a real opponent.

为什么Defeating a view nobody holds proves nothing, and readers who know the real argument stop trusting you. The honest method is the reverse: state the opposing case at its strongest, then answer that.

A

提示Look for the reply that gives the reader something to weigh.

为什么Calling a view ridiculous tells the reader how you feel, not why the view is mistaken. The other sentence meets the worry about cost with a comparison of costs, so the reader can judge the reply for themselves.

Answer it

提示Do not leave the other side with the last word.

为什么A counter-argument is raised in order to be dealt with. If you state it and move on, you have simply argued for your opponent. The reply usually opens with a turn such as 'However' or 'Yet'.

The strong one

提示Readers will already be thinking of it, whether you mention it or not.

为什么Answering a weak objection impresses nobody, and the reader notices that the real difficulty has been avoided. Taking on the best opposing point, and showing that your case survives it, is what makes an argument convincing.

However

提示Find the hinge at the start of the second sentence.

为什么'Admittedly', 'granted' and 'it is true that' open the door to the other side; 'however', 'yet' and 'nevertheless' close it again. The pair lets a reader see exactly where the opposing view ends and your answer begins.

B

提示Only one of them could be disagreed with.

为什么Sentence A announces a topic; nobody could argue with it, so it gives the essay nothing to prove. Sentence B takes a position, which commits every paragraph that follows to supporting it.

It is too vague to argue against

提示Try to imagine someone taking the opposite side.

为什么It would fit any play and any writer. A sharper version names what the language does: 'Shakespeare uses images of blood to show guilt growing in Macbeth's mind.' Now there is a claim to prove and a way to organise the paragraphs.

Cut it, or rework it to support the thesis

提示Test it against the two reasons promised in the opening sentence.

为什么Every paragraph should be traceable back to the thesis. An interesting paragraph that supports neither cost nor comfort pulls the reader off course, however well it is written.

Direct address

提示The speaker points the words at the listener, like a finger.

为什么It turns a general appeal into a personal one: the listener can no longer think the message is for somebody else. Used on purpose and sparingly it draws an audience in; in every sentence it starts to sound like nagging.

A triad, also called the rule of three

提示Count the groups he calls to before asking for their attention.

为什么Tricolon and triplet are other names for it. Three items feel complete and are easy to remember: two seem too few and four begin to blur. Antony also orders his three with care, naming friendship first so that the crowd hears warmth before anything else.

Emotive language

提示The term comes from the same root as 'emotion'.

为什么Both words report the same event, but one carries horror with it. Persuasive writers choose the loaded word on purpose, which is why a careful reader checks whether the feeling is supported by the facts.

It misrepresents what the other side said

提示Compare the claim with the proposal actually made.

为什么Persuasion works on feelings, and that is legitimate; inventing a position for the other side is not. Ethical rhetoric makes the strongest honest case, so that a reader who checks the facts still trusts the writer.