Industrial Britain 1745–1901, Year 8: more practice

The spinning jenny

提示It multiplied what a single spinner could do.

为什么It was invented in the mid-1760s and sped up spinning. It was small enough to use at home at first.

Manchester

提示It lies in Lancashire, close to the Pennines.

为什么By the mid-1800s Manchester was the centre of the world's cotton trade and had grown rapidly.

The Bridgewater Canal

提示It was named after its owner.

为什么The price of coal in Manchester fell sharply. Canals were soon built across Britain to move heavy goods more cheaply than by road.

Markets in which to sell them

提示Think about who bought what the factories made.

为什么Britain could sell cloth and metal goods across its empire, which encouraged more factories and more investment.

Pumping water out

提示Flooded mines were a huge problem.

为什么Watt later improved the engine's efficiency. Deeper mines meant more coal could be dug up.

John Snow

提示He mapped where victims lived.

为什么Snow showed that cholera spread through dirty water, not 'bad air'. The pump handle was removed and the outbreak slowed.

Joseph Bazalgette

提示He designed sewers that carried waste away from the Thames.

为什么His system, parts of which are still used today, greatly reduced cholera in London.

Trappers

提示The word comes from the doors, called traps.

为什么Some were as young as five or six. They worked long hours in the dark, sometimes for 12 hours at a time.

10

提示The age is a round number.

为什么The Act followed a report by a commission that shocked the public with accounts and drawings of children working underground.

Rocket

提示Think of something that shoots upwards fast.

为什么Rocket pulled a carriage at around 30 miles an hour and proved steam locomotives could run a railway.

Greenwich Mean Time

提示Think of the place the prime meridian runs through.

为什么Timetables could not work if every station used a different time. Greenwich Mean Time spread across Britain and became law in 1880.

Manufactured goods such as cloth, guns and metal goods

提示Britain sent these to Africa in return for enslaved people.

为什么The ships then carried enslaved Africans to the Americas, and returned to Britain with sugar, cotton and tobacco.

Liverpool

提示It is on the River Mersey in the north-west.

为什么Liverpool's merchants grew rich. Profits from the trade helped pay for docks, banks and industries.

The slave owners

提示Think about who the government treated as the 'losers'.

为什么The enslaved received nothing, and many were forced to work for their former owners as 'apprentices' for several more years.

Sugar

提示It was grown on Caribbean plantations and sweetened tea.

为什么Hundreds of thousands boycotted sugar. It was one of the first mass consumer campaigns.