Why rivers flood

你需要知道的

• A river's flow comes from surface run-off and slower groundwater flow; a hydrograph shows how discharge responds to rainfall.
• Heavy seasonal rain, steep slopes and impermeable surfaces send water to the river quickly, raising flood risk.
• Jakarta floods often because 13 rivers meet in its low delta, sea level is rising, and pumping groundwater makes the land sink.
• Urbanisation, deforestation, dams and straightened channels speed up run-off and make floods more 'flashy'.
• Wetlands act like sponges that store and slowly release water, so protecting or rebuilding them reduces flooding.

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